The State of Open Science

A Review of Core Practices and Emerging Directions

Abstract

This review article explores the open science ecosystem by examining its foundational pillars and policy frameworks to understand the current state of its implementation and challenges. A narrative thematic review of the literature retrieved from the Web of Science database was employed to analyse relevant research articles published between 2020 and 2025. Major themes that emerged include core practices, scope for inclusivity, impacts and benefits, infrastructure, policies and implementation, challenges and future directions. Open Science (OS) is a value-driven movement that relies on integrating core practices, such as Open Access, Open Data, Open Evaluation, etc. with global governance and technological infrastructure to enhance research transparency and reproducibility. However, equitable adoption of OS is currently fragmented and challenged by disparities which necessitate stronger government policies and incentives like compulsory training and research recognition to support a globally inclusive environment. To eradicate existing divisions and disparities, practical implications suggest the need for stronger government policies focused on the education sector.